When most people hear “turmeric,” they picture the familiar orange-yellow spice found in curry and golden lattes — Curcuma longa, the common turmeric. But Thailand’s botanical landscape is home to several species within the Curcuma genus, each with its own traditional heritage, distinct appearance, unique compound profile, and growing interest from formulators working in natural health, cosmetic, and functional-food markets.
Emperor Herbs currently supplies five Curcuma species as botanical extracts. This guide introduces each species — where it comes from, how it has been traditionally used, and what makes its profile distinct — to help anyone exploring this remarkable family of plants choose the right ingredient for their needs.
Important positioning: All five Curcuma extracts discussed here are herbal supplement ingredients, not medicines. Content below addresses botanical heritage and natural compound profiles using structure-and-function language only.
The Curcuma family: what they share
All five species belong to the Zingiberaceae family — making them botanical relatives of common ginger, galangal, and Black Ginger (Kaempferia parviflora). They are rhizomatous plants: the useful part is the underground stem (rhizome), which is harvested, dried, and extracted. The rhizomes vary in colour from pale cream to vivid orange and deep blue-grey, and each species has developed in different ecological conditions across South and Southeast Asia.
What the five species share is a general profile of curcuminoids and related polyphenolic antioxidant compounds, along with essential oils and other secondary metabolites. The differences lie in the specific compound ratios, traditional applications, and the sensory characteristics of each extract.
Curcuma longa — common turmeric
Curcuma longa is the most widely cultivated and globally recognised species in the genus. Originating in South Asia and long established across Southeast Asia, it is the primary source of curcumin — the bright orange-yellow pigment and antioxidant compound that has driven decades of research interest. In Thai traditional medicine, Curcuma longa has been used as a digestive tonic and liver-supportive herb, as well as in food preparation and traditional cosmetic applications.
In modern formulation, Curcuma longa powder extract is one of the most versatile botanical ingredients available: it supports anti-inflammatory positioning, digestive wellness, antioxidant supplementation, and liver-support narratives, all within structure-and-function claims.
Curcuma aromatica — wild turmeric (Kasturi Turmeric)
Curcuma aromatica, known in Thailand as Khamin Khao and commercially as Kasturi Turmeric or Wild Turmeric, is a distinct species prized more for its aromatic essential oil content than its curcumin level. While it shares the bright rhizome colour of common turmeric, its compound profile has a stronger aromatic character from its high content of terpenoid compounds including ar-turmerone.
Traditionally, Curcuma aromatica has been used in South and Southeast Asian cosmetic preparations — particularly in skin-care rituals and preparations for skin tone and brightness. This cosmetic heritage makes it a strong fit for beauty-from-within and topical botanical cosmetic formulation, where the aromatic profile adds to the sensory experience.
Curcuma zedoaria — white turmeric (Kachur)
Curcuma zedoaria, commonly called white turmeric, zedoary, or Kachur, stands apart from the more familiar turmeric species by its pale, almost white rhizome interior and distinctly camphoraceous aroma. It has been used in traditional Ayurvedic and Southeast Asian medicine as a digestive botanical and in preparations for gastric comfort, with a long history in both Indian and Thai herbal traditions.
The essential oil of Curcuma zedoaria contains compounds such as curzerenone and germacrone, which give it a different aromatic profile to Curcuma longa. For formulators looking for a Curcuma species with a digestive wellness angle or a less intensely coloured extract option, Curcuma zedoaria is worth serious consideration.
Curcuma zanthorrhiza — Javanese turmeric (Temu Lawak)
Curcuma zanthorrhiza, known as Temu Lawak or Javanese Turmeric, originates in Java, Indonesia, and has spread throughout Southeast Asia as both a traditional herb and a widely cultivated crop. It is one of the most important medicinal plants in Indonesian traditional medicine, where it has been used for centuries to support liver function, digestive comfort, and overall wellbeing.
Its compound profile is notably rich in xanthorrhizol — a phenolic compound unique to this species — alongside curcuminoids and sesquiterpenoids. This distinctive chemistry makes Curcuma zanthorrhiza one of the most studied Curcuma species outside Curcuma longa, and a strong choice for formulators interested in liver-supportive or digestive botanical positioning.
Curcuma aeruginosa — blue turmeric (Plai Khao)
Curcuma aeruginosa is among the least familiar species in the Curcuma family outside Southeast Asia, but it holds a genuine place in Thai and Indonesian traditional herbal use. Known locally as Wan Ching or Blue Ginger, its rhizome interior is a striking blue-grey colour — unusual even within the colourful Curcuma genus — attributed to its unique azulene compound content.
Traditionally, Curcuma aeruginosa has been applied in Thai folk medicine in preparations related to skin and cosmetic use, as well as digestive support. Its distinctive pigment and compound profile make it an interesting botanical for cosmetic formulators exploring natural colourants and multi-functional botanical ingredients with Southeast Asian heritage.
Choosing between the five species
The right Curcuma species depends on the intended formulation and the narrative you want to build around it.
- Broadest curcumin content and most established supplement positioning: Curcuma longa
- Aromatic cosmetic or beauty-from-within angle: Curcuma aromatica
- Digestive wellness and a paler extract option: Curcuma zedoaria
- Liver-supportive and traditional Indonesian heritage: Curcuma zanthorrhiza
- Cosmetic/topical positioning and distinctive colouring: Curcuma aeruginosa
Many formulators choose more than one species — combining the broad antioxidant profile of Curcuma longa with the aromatic character of Curcuma aromatica, for example, or pairing Curcuma zanthorrhiza with Curcuma zedoaria for a digestive-wellness formula with a multi-species Thai botanical story.
The takeaway
Thailand’s Curcuma family offers five genuinely distinct botanical extracts, each with a different heritage story, compound profile, and formulation potential. Rather than treating “turmeric” as a single ingredient, exploring all five species opens up a richer range of positioning, sensory, and compound options — whether you are working in supplements, functional food, cosmetics, or traditional wellness products.
Disclaimer: This article is for general educational and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice and does not claim to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease or health condition. Emperor Herbs botanical extracts are supplied as herbal supplement ingredients. Consult a qualified healthcare professional before use.